The Physics Of Video Games - 2519 Words

People often question when they would ever use the mathematics they are taught in school during the course of their lives. Unbeknownst to them however, is that many of their greatest joys in life are made possible because of mathematics. Anyone who plays video games or any games may not realize just how large a role mathematics plays in their lives. Without math, video games wouldn t be possible, and board games would be less meaningful. Everything that happens in a videogame is occurring due to mathematical inputs inside the game. Some of these inputs are able to be changed of influenced by the user, others are not and form a pseudo-random number generator, which influences the seemingly random events that occur while playing. Board games often have mathematical solutions to them that guarantee a certain result, or strategies that are more likely to result in a victory. Even if it isn t noticeable at first, mathematics in games is very present for those who care enough to look for i t, and those who find it can use their newly found knowledge to their advantage. One of the largest gaming communities in the world is the Pokemon community. Pokemon, a video game series created by Nintendo, has grown in popularity with all ages since its original release in 1996. Since then, 26 main series games have been released, including two new ones just released on November 18th. The basic premise of the game is that a player travels a world, capturing Pokemon to use in battlesShow MoreRelatedEssay On Applying Physics To Gaming797 Words   |  4 PagesApplying Physics to Gaming Germain Mendoza The article â€Å"Teaching introductory undergraduate physics using commercial video games† talks about a course that was offered to college students at the University of Texas at Brownsville that would last from December 2010-January 2011. Many games were used to demonstrate how developers of the video games used real world physics laws and applied them to the basis of the game. In the article only four were mentioned these were: â€Å"Little Big Planet†, â€Å"ShaunRead MoreFlight Simulators Should Be Made ( 13 )792 Words   |  4 Pagesone individual part of it moves(13). However, the physics system is independent of the plane model representation. So the model doesn’t contain any actual physics logic(13). Simulation-subsystem contains the physics model The result of the model logic is a series of physical effects on the components, such as forces, torques, heating, deformation, and so on(13). These are applied on a per component basis determined by the pane model. The physics engine takes the disparate effects and integratesRead MoreUsing Video Games in the Classroom1407 Words   |  6 PagesVideo Games could be used in the classroom for a wide variety of different subjects, ranging from math, to science, to english and even in foreign language classes as many games that are made in different countries are in that countrys own language. Of Course games are almost always translated into different languages so that people worldwide could play them but a foreign language teacher wouldn’t find it too difficult to get ahold of a copy of a game in a foreign language. Music classes such asRead MoreComputer Science And Medicine Or Art Science1225 Words   |  5 Pagesshe an engineer but she’s one of the best in her field, whether it be through gaming, physics, or mechanics. It’s refreshing to hear about a woman changing the standards so drastically in a male-oriented industry like that of gaming because from my experiences girls who play video games are considered doing it for attention or the male approval rather than the idea that we generally enjoy just playing the game. Knowing that some of the designs that transformed the way gaming is now ran was due toRead MoreThe Physics of Tennis Essay561 Words   |  3 PagesThe Physics of Tennis I. Introduction Background: A friendly game of tennis is being played. Camera: pans away from the game and zooms to Sunne. Sunne: Hello, my name is Sunne. Today, my group, which consists of Ravi, Gramh, Whitney and myself, will portray how physics plays an essential role in one specific aspect of tennis. This aspect is the tennis racquet itself, which can only be mastered when the physics of it is completely understood. In this videoRead MoreEssay On Youtube766 Words   |  4 PagesIf someone had told me five years ago that I would be a YouTube junkie and Facebook addict, I would have told them they were insane! I mean, YouTube used to be mostly used only by people posting embarrassing family videos, as well as by wannabe singers and musicians, posting their latest accomplishments in the far-fetched hope of being discovered. There was absolutely nothing about it that interested me. Similarly, while originally created as a study tool for college students, Facebook has morphedRead MoreMultiple Functions Of Utah Valley University991 Words   |  4 Pagesthe game, not because they were good, but because they had fun playing. Before seeing the world of UCAS, I assumed all the students would be geeky boys who were whizzes at math and played video games late into the night. Of course my picture was skewed, I knew only what my cousin Tanner had told me about when he went years prior. He described a common occurrence during lunch, of students playing videogames hooked onto their computer. He’d created an image in my mind of boys who played video gamesRead MoreDungeon And Dragons, Rock N Roll, And Video Games919 Words   |  4 PagesDungeon and Dragons, Rock N’ Roll, and video games, these are three separate activities that when looked at from afar do not seem to have anything to do with each other. However, they in fact do have something fairly big in common. They each have been blamed with being either bad for you or a negative influence. Whether it be Dungeon and Dragons being satanic and making people lose touch with reality, Rock N’ Roll’s cause of juvenile delinquency, or v ideo games leading to violent and antisocial behaviorRead MoreCase Analysis : Deflategate Scandal1458 Words   |  6 Pageswith the game footballs used in the AFC Championship Game against the Indianapolis Colts in the 2015 season. In this game, the Patriots defeated the Colts 45-7 and went on to to defeat the Seattle Seahawks 28-24 in the 2015 Superbowl. Many people, right away, are probably thinking – â€Å"What is the big advantage of an under inflated football?† A deflated football gives the team using it a huge advantage. A physics professor, Mike Eads, from Northern Illinois University explain in terms of physics why aRead MoreThe Haunting Of Hill House1249 Words   |  5 PagesVery few other animals do this, and only ones with a complex neural network have the desire to complete puzzles for enjoyment. Over 40% of Americans play video games at least three hours a week; 1.2 billion people play video games worldwide. Games have always been a form of entertainment, chess is a melena and a half years old, but video games only arose in the last 60 years. Making their mark on history and are slowly taking over the world, the electronic world is becoming more seductive than the

Career Paths Within The Public Health Concentration

In the beginning of the semester, taking the Observations of Health Agencies course was a bit hectic for me due to the scheduling. At first I had to find a balance between my hours, school and work but by the second placement, I began to manage all at once. The interesting part of taking this course, is that it helps you further understand that there are different career paths within the public health concentration. I’ve had the pleasure of having a satisfying placement, as well as a challenging one. Observing different facilities has given me knowledge on different aspects of patient care and health promotion. It has also steered my career goals into another direction than what I previously imagined myself doing. The experience I had with my second field placement was the most satisfying by far. Most of my time was spent with patients, which I loved so very much. It was satisfying to see that my volunteer time was effectively being utilized and I could help patients in their time of need. Like I’ve mentioned before, the area where I worked was post-op so all of the patients had undercome surgeries and weren’t in the best shape. They appreciated my helping hand and it was satisfying for me to be able to assist them in their stage of vulnerability. Incidentally, I believe that this course has slightly changed my career goals. To be honest, I still continue to feel a strong connection to dentistry and I would like to propose it, but I want to give myself some time beforeShow MoreRelatedMy Interest On Public Health916 Words   |  4 Pages My interest in public health stems from a lifelong connection to and fascination with our healthcare system, even from the time before I could comprehend it. From as far back as I can remember, I have been surrounded by individuals with a passion for the maintenance, education, and defense of health and wellness. My mother was a registered nurse, and elements of her profession, such as a commitment to compassion and unyielding ethical values, became salient characteristics of my upbringing. In additionRead MoreAn International Student Of Public Health Essay1227 Words   |  5 PagesTrying to Fulfil a Dream As an international student, public health is not a major you hear about regularly. As a Middle-Eastern, everyone is expected to pursue a degree in Medicine, Engineering or Pharmacy. I recall the most common question I got asked when I mentioned I was majoring in public health was, â€Å"...so, you are going to be a nurse?† The idea was introduced to me by my mother some years back, who is a physician, who thought it would suit my lifetime general goals. As a child I rememberRead MoreMy Reflection On My Life At Bangladesh Fueled Passion Of Public Health1533 Words   |  7 PagesMy 2012 trip to Bangladesh fueled my passion in public health. It was extremely eye opening to all the health inequalities that humans suffer throughout the world. During my visit, I reconnected with my uncle, who was born blind. His acceptance of adversity with remarkable stoicism amazes me and as my first time seeing him as an adult, I realized how unprepared I was to help him. By admitting to my la ck of knowledge to a life so different than mine, I asked him a series of questions to obtain a betterRead MoreBecoming A Physical Therapist For Doctors And Physicians1676 Words   |  7 PagesWithin our homes, schools, and community, there are many different fields of medicine to accommodate for the accelerating demand for doctors and physicians. With so many fields and concentrations of medicine, different schools have emerge to keep up with the demand. Now, not only are there primary care physicians, but also fields such as pediatrics and physical therapy. Since entering college, I have always had an internal debate and frustration on what I wanted to do and who I wanted to become andRead MoreJosef Mengele Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesDuring this time Josefs dreams came into conflict with his father, Karl wanted his oldest son to work at the factory with him he wanted Josef to become an accountant. However, young Josef dreamt of a career beyond the business world and beyond h is home. Josef wanted to leave Gunzburg and pursue a career in science and anthropology. He show his ambitions Josef would talk to friends and say that his name would one day be in the encyclopedia. In 1930 Josef graduated from the Gunzburg gymnasium, or highRead MoreCareer Path Choice : Chief Executive Officer1564 Words   |  7 PagesCareer Path Choice: Chief Executive Officer There is a lot been spoken about C.E.O in the business world within the media releases and tabloids, and that is how many get to know this job as a prestigious status. The position that is credited for the laymen as a â€Å"win in the lottery† lifetime experience, is also â€Å"All fame and fortune† taboo. Those terms refer to the Chief Executive Officer, more known as C.E.O. Who are those prestigious managers, powerful businesspeople capable of fully managing smallRead MoreHugo Chavezs President Of Venezuela1035 Words   |  5 Pagesunique person to put into power. He was born in a mud hut and was raised in the living room of his grandmother’s hut. (National Public Radio, 2008) His passions for nationalizing the economy and changing the current political system is based off his origins. He grew up poor, worked hard, played college baseball, graduated from school and put his profession baseball career to rest to began his life as a solider. According to Bart Jon es, the author of a Hugo Chavez biography titled, Hugo!, stated: â€Å"ChavezRead MoreImproving China s Development Policy1533 Words   |  7 Pagesat a price of their children becoming the undocumented â€Å"blacklist overborn population† and thus being deprived of the entitlements to social services. During my childhood in a rural village, I acquainted with several such kids who could not receive public education just because their parents failed to obey the civil duty of â€Å"one child a couple.† Every time I asked my mother why they were not invited to school and her answer was always â€Å"they were born illegal,† I would be sorry for my friends and moreRead MoreCard 405- Rough Draft Portfolio1921 Words   |  8 Pages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 Career Path †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16 Work Samples †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 Statement of Authenticity I, Ani Ohanian am the writer of all of the statements you are about to read. None of these statements of information is plagiarized. All of the information you are going to read is valid. These statements are honest representation of what I represent in skills as a career in the Business AdministrationRead MoreCareer Plan For A Strategic Plan2024 Words   |  9 PagesCareer Plan SWOT Analysis In determining a strategic plan for one’s life, several considerations must be taken into account. A careful examination of personal strengths and challenges as well as outside forces is necessary to determine a course of action. Utilizing assessments such as Stregths Finder, Myers Briggs Type Indicator and the personality career coach, in addition to public information related to economic development in the region; preliminary tactile improvements can be outlined in order

Leadership for Effect of School Principals - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theLeadership for Effect of School Principals. Answer: The Bases of Leadership The five aspects of leadership those are present in Paul Rusesabagina can be defined by the actions of the person when he took in the refugees in Htel des Mille Collines. According to Vann, Coleman Simpson, (2014) a leader should be able to able to model the way for the other present in the society and Paul Rusesabagina. The refugees and other members came to him guidance as he was able to decide the way they should act in the society. When the war broke out the only thing that could have done is working and staying together. The second aspect of leadership could be seen within him when he inspired the individuals to maintain a shared vision (Clarke, 2013). The refugees trusted him and leaned on him for any issues as he empowers them to act, which is the third aspect of leadership. He takes into consideration the situations that could help other people to act (Prabhakar Yaseen, 2016). The war was a challenging time both for the country and for the people living in the country. He helped the people to challenge the time through which they are going. The fourth aspect of leadership could be seen in this action that he not only helped the people to sta y safe but also helped them to challenge the situation they are in (Javed, Jaffari Rahim, 2014). when a number of people are present together, there is a chance of chaos. He maintained discipline by encouraging and engaging the people and that is the fifth aspect of leadership (Nahavandi, 2016). He gave them work and encouraged them to face the difficult times together. Extreme Hospitality Paul Rusesabagina looked after the refuges that were coming to the hotel and even bribed the soldiers so that the people would be allowed to come in. The action of Paul Rusesabagina can be questioned for either showing extreme hospitality to the refuges or he is being a servant leader. As opined by Neumann Neumann, (2013) servant leader is selfless and never thinks about him. Du et al., (2013) supported the face that the servant leader mainly thinks about the welfare of the people above oneself. Paul Rusesabagina can be said to be giving extreme hospitality to the refugees rather than being a servant leader. As per the actions of Paul Rusesabagina, it can be seen that he initially wanted to protect his family. Eventually, he went ahead to save the remaining people who were in danger. As he belonged from hospitality industry, he had a good sense of hospitality. During the time of emergency, he did something that he knew the best but in an extreme manner. Referring to the idea presented by Neumann Neumann, (2013), if Paul Rusesabagina would have been a servant leader, then he would not have first concentrated on his family. He would have saved his family but he would have also thought about the people from the initial stage (Pacleb Bocarnea, 2015). He showed extreme hospitality to the people, as he wanted to protect them from the difficult situation. Leadership Style and Followership The actions of Paul Rusesabagina and his presence of thought during the tough situation portrays that he is a transformational leader. As stated by Aydin, Sarier Uysal, (2013), a transformational leader believes in dynamic ideas and does not stick to old ideas. In addition to this, Chege, Wachira Mwenda, (2015 ) have pointed out that a transformational leader helps the followers to grow and develop. In such a context, Ferrari, (2017) has argued that using the word followers will be wrong as a transformational leader never believes in keeping followers and works towards making more leaders out of those followers. The most striking characteristic of a transformational leader is that the person will always be looking out for solution to the problems and will always support change (Gnzel-Jensen et al., 2017). The person is confident in what he or she is doing and does not stick only to the rules. Many actions show that Paul Rusesabagina is ready to take the risk make things work in his favor quite like a transformational leader (Vann, Coleman Simpson, 2014). He bribes different people with money and alcohol so that his family remains safe. He might not have been not sure that whether the bribe will work or not but he still took to bribing to save his family. For saving the country as well the people, he did things that might not be correct (Clarke, 2013). He even went that one step extra when the bribing did not work, he even threatened the General. The actions might not be justified as ethical but during the time of emergency the transformational leader does the things that suits the situation (Prabhakar Yaseen, 2016). He bribed and threatened the people as that was the best way to manage the people during the difficult time. The qualities of transformational leader can also be seen in Paul Rusesabagina when he saved the people without thinking of the consequences of his actions (Javed, Jaffari Rahim, 2014). When he is letting a group of people come in the hotel. Being the manager of the hotel, he is bound to give some answers to the seniors. He did not think out his job but saved the people who were in danger (Nahavandi, 2016). Just like a transformational leadership, he helped the people who are in danger as well as inspired them to help others as well (Neumann Neumann, 2013). During the time of emergency, the people only think about themselves. He made the people understand that they need to stand with each other to get out of the tough situations rather than fighting with each other (Du et al., 2013). He supports working as a team rather than working individually which is also an example of transformational leadership (Pacleb Bocarnea, 2015). He believes that working in a team as he thinks that if more than one brain tries to solve an issue, then they will be able to solve it in a proper manner. The attributes of Paul Rusesabagina supports the fact that he is a confidence risk-taker(Aydin, Sarier Uysal, 2013). While he let the people enter the hotel, he had an idea that he is taking a risk. In the movie, it has been seen that he gets into an argument with one the employees in the hotel when the employee said that the hotel is not a refugee camp. He overlooks the warning, as he was mainly concerned about the safety of the people. He took the risk but he was confident that whatever he was doing for the safety of the lives of the people (Chege, Wachira Mwenda, 2015). The leadership style of Paul Rusesabagina is admirable as he takes risk it and his actions can always be justified (Ferrari, 2017). He helped the people to get out of the tough situation by making them work with each other. He is an inspirer as he inspired the people to work together and help each other when they need them the most (Gnzel-Jensen et al., 2017). The attributes that Paul Rusesabagina possesses like he is confident, believes in teamwork, ready to take risk, think about saving the people and inspires them (Vann, Coleman Simpson, 2014). The attributes give an idea that he is a transformational leader. The situation through which Paul Rusesabagina goes through supports that leaders can be developed if not born (Clarke, 2013). Many people are born with the attribute off good decision-making, they are good speaker, and hence, they do not need any push or special training to manage the people (Prabhakar Yaseen, 2016). On the contrary, there are people who may not have leadership attributes but the situation makes them good leaders (Javed, Jaffari Rahim, 2014). The case of Paul Rusesabagina is an example that he might not have been born as a leader but he gradually developed the leadership skills. Initially, when he heard of the war and an emergency, he thought of protecting the family rather than protecting the neighbors. As the movie progresses, it show that he is thinking about the safety of the entire community. As he is facing the difficult situations, he becomes aware of the problems of the people and eventually the idea of saving the people sets in (Nahavandi, 2016). He supported the refugees to take the action themselves rather than just depending on him. He does not like the refugees to succumb to the pressure and the emergency (Neumann Neumann, 2013). He supports them so that so that they stand together and fight (Chege, Wachira Mwenda, 2015). References Aydin, A., Sarier, Y., Uysal, S. (2013). The Effect of School Principals' Leadership Styles on Teachers' Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction.Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice,13(2), 806-811. Chege, A. N., Wachira, A., Mwenda, L. (2015). Effects of Leadership Styles on Implementation of Organization Strategic Plans in Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi. Management and Administrative Sciences Review,4(3), 593-600. Clarke, S. (2013). Safety leadership: A meta?analytic review of transformational and transactional leadership styles as antecedents of safety behaviours.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,86(1), 22-49. Du, S., Swaen, V., Lindgreen, A., Sen, S. (2013). The roles of leadership styles in corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,114(1), 155-169. Ferrari, J. R. (2017). Male and female ministers: Comparing Roman Catholic and Methodist deacons on personality structure, religious beliefs, and leadership styles.Journal of Pastoral Care Counseling,71(1), 5-11. Gnzel-Jensen, F., Hansen, J. R., Jakobsen, M. L. F., Wulff, J. (2017). A Two-Pronged Approach? Combined Leadership Styles and Innovative Behavior.International Journal of Public Administration, 1-14. Javed, H. A., Jaffari, A. A., Rahim, M. (2014). Leadership styles and employees job satisfaction: a case from the private banking sector of Pakistan.Journal of Asian Business Strategy,4(3), 41-50. Nahavandi, A. (2016).The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Neumann, Y., Neumann, E. F. (2013). The president and the college bottom line: The role of strategic leadership styles.Library Consortium Management: An International Journal. Pacleb, T. G., Bocarnea, M. C. (2015). The Relationship between Leadership Styles, Leader Communication Style, and Impact on LeaderMember Exchange Relationship within the Banking Sector in the United States.Challenges, Performances and Tendencies in Organisation Management, 275. Prabhakar, G. V., Yaseen, A. (2016). Decision-making styles and leadership: evidences from the UAE.International Journal of Management Development,1(4), 287-306. Vann, B. A., Coleman, A. N., Simpson, J. A. (2014). Development of the Vannsimpco leadership survey: a delineation of hybrid leadership styles.Swiss Business School Journal of Applied Business Research,3, 28-38.

Why Do All Modern Cars Look Alike Essays - Car Classifications

Why Do All Modern Cars Look Alike? We ask ourselves every time we see heavy traffic, is there no variance anymore amongst car models? In the old days, as a matter of fact only five ore ten years ago every single car brand seemed to have it's own personality, today they look more like a cluster of copycats. What went wrong? One reason is that the automotive industry has certain trends it has to follow, just like fashion designers and musical composers. In times of recession and decreasing sales there is less room to take chances and manufacturers are prone to follow the common pattern as a safer bet rather than releasing a controversial product that might or might not sell very well. This makes for different models to conform considerably under the rules and regulations for the design of a car of this decade. Another reason is that many manufacturers actually cooperate and by contracts copy each others models. The Mitsubishi 3000 GT for example is practically the same car as the Dodge Stealth, only the Mitsubishi is made in Japan at the original factory and the Stealth is made in the US at the Dodge factory. Apart from the two emblems respectively, very few details differ the two cars. Honda who have been in need of a sport utility vehicle in order to grab their share of that part of the market, which has grown considerably the last decade have taken almost desperate measures. They have simply bought the rights to re-badge the Isuzu Rodeo as the Honda Passport and marketed it as an all new model. The last and maybe the most logical reason is that all manufacturers are striving towards 'the perfect car'. All cars are supposed to offer a maximum of performance, passenger room and cargo space, and a minimum of fuel consumption and cost to manufacture and maintain. There are only so many ways to technically achieve these goals. Cars tend to get more rounded edges in order to be more aerodynamic. The trunk lid is high in order to offer greater cargo space without imposing on the passengers. The design of the trunk lid is also approaching the 'optimal' shape for easy loading and access. Windows are large and pillars are thin for better view. The lights, both back and front, are homing in on the design for maximum visibility. The wheel base is decided on basis of good turning ability both in the case of parking and at high speeds. Everyone is simply trying to design 'the perfect car' so it is natural that they are all headed in the same scientific direction. Considering the facts that all car manufacturers seem to have the same aims with their models, that they cooperate and use same parts, series of parts and even the same models under different names it seems quite natural that modern cars tend to look more and more alike.

Creating a Nonfiction Book Proposal

Creating a Nonfiction Book Proposal For millennia, the human race relied on oral tradition to pass on history, mythology, and religion on to the next generation. With the revolutionary advent of the written language, the human race merely began to write down what had been delivered for generations, in speeches. Therefore, it seems intuitive to this writer, having a strong background in public speaking, that the same guidelines that govern good public speaking also govern good nonfiction writing.There are as many approaches to writing nonfiction as there are nonfiction writers. As the adage goes, there is more than one way to skin a cat. What is presented here may not be the best way for you, but it has worked for me, and it will be appealing to anyone with a background in public speaking.In order for a book to be considered nonfiction, it is assumed that at least the author believes that the content he is setting forth is historically or empirically true. In the case of a book on the Mayan calendar, for example, the au thor himself does not need to believe in the religion or astrological processes of the Mayan people. He does, however, have to be convinced that he is giving a true representation of their beliefs.This means that nonfiction writing is very much like persuasive speaking. Some are polemic in nature, attacking another established position. Others are more akin to apologetics. I use the word apologetics in the academic sense and not in its common usage. An apologia is a formal argument or defense of something, such as a position or a system.Although your topic may not seem as volatile as a public debate, you were, no doubt, drawn to it because there is some degree of controversy to it. There is nothing wrong with that. In fact, controversial topics get better traction. If it were a settled matter, you would not be writing the book and others would not bother to read it.A novelist often desires to leave readers wandering, to leave questions unanswered for as long as they dare string the reader along. When one writes a novel, they dont want to answer the readers questions until the reader has had time to ponder them awhile. When approaching nonfiction as you would a persuasive speech, you want to be much more deliberate. Slight cliffhangers are acceptable, but you want to lead your reader from point to point with as few lose ends as possible. You want to answer those questions for them so that they can move with you to your deeper line of reasoning. In fact, you may wish to preempt many of their questions; ask them in your book before they think of the question, so that they can see how you have cross examined yourself. This will help your reader trust your line of reasoning better.If your nonfiction is narrative in nature, then your outline is the chronology of events. If your book will be topical in nature, this type of outline could prove very valuable to you. What follows here is a typical outline for a persuasive speech, and how you can use it to start organizi ng your book.TopicThis is the easy part. Most writers have a few of these kicking around in their head at any given time.PurposeYour purpose may never appear in print, as such, in your book, but you need to know what it is. You need to have the mission of your book at the forefront of your mind at all times.Thesis StatementYour thesis statement is a concise description of the work you are setting down to write. Can you sum up the message of your book in one, or no more than two, sentences? If not, you need to further refine your message.IntroductionIn public speaking, one would need something to first get the attention of their audience. The same is true of your book. Some use an ice breaker, such as a humorous or anecdotal story that segues nicely into their theme. Others use a more aggressive approach. They will start with a very shocking or controversial statement to create an intentional tension. Either of these tools will serve your introduction well.Your books Introduction mig ht include one or multiple chapters. In the first chapter, you could do as I have just described and get the attention of your reader with some anecdotal story or some shocking proclamation. In the second chapter, you could tie that opening attention-grabber to your readers in some way. In the third, lay out your purpose and thesis. Of course, all of this could be in your opening chapter, depending on how concise you want to be.One note of caution: Many modern readers are not sitting down for long periods of time but rather read books in bite-sized chunks. This means that many readers will find many smaller chapters more appealing than fewer longer chapters. A writer must, as a public speaker must, always keep their audience in mind as they craft their outline.BodyIf you look closely at your main points, you will see that they have a progression of logic to them. In other words, one would need to be addressed before another. Some points will have to build upon the strength of others .While each of your arguments may serve as individual chapters, once you have supported them with research, you can organize them in related groups and organize those groups in a logical order.If you are looking to add weight to your work, ask yourself whether you have considered giving to each of your points a reason, an example, and an application. Not all of your points will merit such care, but considering them for each point will ensure you are being thorough.ConclusionYou can signal that you are wrapping things up by putting different points from the body of your work together to come up with a third point. This is called a syllogism: Fact A plus fact B produces a third dependent fact, Fact C.This is also the time to summarize your objective, perhaps more assertively, more boldly than you did in the introduction. It will also be necessary to apply abstract or lofty ideas from your work to your readers daily life or encapsulating them in more common language that they can take with them, from your book. Finally, depending on the genre you are writing in, it may be appropriate to challenge your reader to take action or to make a decision based upon what you have conveyed.Ordering Your IdeasYou can begin organizing your nonfiction book right now, as you are reading this article.Take a piece of paper and write down your purpose and thesis. Next, begin writing points down as they come to you. Your subject is likely a topic about which you are passionate, or you wouldnt be writing a book about it; so these points should come readily to you with just a little reflection.If you write them down on paper with a pen, after you are done, read over the page a few times. You will begin to notice that many of your points, arguments, and supporting statements are related. Begin to organize those by highlighting or using a numbering system. After this is done, you will have narrowed your points down under umbrella categories. Points that are outliers, or do not fit under any of the primary themes, should likely be dismissed.If pen and paper never factor into your writing process, you can do this on your computer screen. It makes ordering the ideas as easy as Cut and Paste. As good as this sounds, many find the brainstorming session is more creative when they are physically writing the ideas down.If you have done that, you are ready to create an outline for your nonfiction book.  Plug your organized ideas into your outlines Introduction, Body, and Conclusion and then get writing.

Plutonium Bomb Essays - Plutonium Bomb, Free Essays, Term Papers

Plutonium Bomb Essays - Plutonium Bomb, Free Essays, Term Papers Plutonium Bomb /\ / \ | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | : ||: : | | :______||:_____________________________: | |/_______||/______________________________\| \ ~\ | : |:| / \ |\ | : |:| / \ | \ | :__________|:| / \ |:_\ | :__________\:| / \ |___\ |______________| / \ | \ |~ \ / \|_______\|_________________\_/ |_____________________________| / \ / \ / \ / _______________ \ / ___/ \___ \ /____ __/ \__ ____\ [3]_______________________________ \ ___| / __/ \ \__ \ / / \/ \ \ / / ___________ \ \ / / __/___________\__ \ \ ./ /__ ___ /=================\ ___ __\ \. [4]-> ___||___|====|[[[[[|||||||]]]]]|====|___||___

Teaching all Standards Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9000 words - 1

Teaching all Standards - Thesis Example When developing a vision within a specific scholastic environment a large body of theoretical work and research indicates the importance of the school principle bringing together diverse viewpoints together under the auspices of a unified vision. In considering the means of accomplishing this task one of the first elements that must be developed is the nature and type of my own beliefs and motivations. In terms of establishing these beliefs I recognize that the important element is to think with the end in mind. In approaching the scholastic vision from this top-down constructivist approach it’s possible to establish the intended vision and then establish a variety of goals and avenues the scholastic environment can work towards achieving. The next step must be to consider the current scholastic environment and work towards developing a means of uniting these leaders and professionals in a cooperative and functional setting. In these regards, Fiore notes that, The relationship s among and between school stakeholders and how those relationships contribute to the overall purpose of schooling must be considered as the mission statement is crafted. Leaders are people who understand the interdependence of people. It is up to the leader, particularly in light of ISLLC Standard 1, to lead other toward the creation of a common purpose for schooling (Fiore, pg. 25) In these regards, the school environment becomes the primary area of focus, as the administrator must balance the end-goal with the current scholastic environment in order to establish and meet the desired vision. Indeed, I recognize that the nature of the current scholastic environment is an important consideration when establishing my overriding vision. Finally, it’s argued that after working towards uniting the professional community, the administrator must consider the â€Å"historical nature of the specific school† (Kowalski, pg. 209). This will be another major step taken in achievin g the scholastic vision. In terms of Kern County Elementary School one of the most pivotal aspects of developing a meaningful vision will be a thorough understanding of the school’s scholastic achievement levels. While this detailed information is not regularly available to the public, it is essential in developing a cohesive and proactive vision on a number of grounds. While community interaction and involvement are critical areas of school and student development, the scholastic environment is ultimately a place of academic learning. In these regards, upon assuming control of the school the first step that would be taken would be taking a large-scale overhaul of educational deficiencies, as well as areas of achievement. One of the realities of school administration is the understanding of county, city, and state standards. In large part funding and recognition are attached to the school’s successful adherence to these scholastic standards, as this allows for a cohesi ve educational community that can extend even to the national level. The next step will then be to develop a cohesive vision that will target these deficiencies and nurture these scholastic strengths. In accomplishing this goal a multi-tiered approach will be developed that targets all grade levels. Grade wide meetings will be called wherein the teachers of these specific grades will be informed of the areas of scholastic

Position Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Position Analysis - Essay Example In addition, when children get access to guns, it is dangerous in that during their playtime, and they might end up killing others thinking that they are just playing Gun control is ineffective in reducing crime. Research has countless times revealed through their historical, econometric, and criminological studies that gun control does not reduce crime, yet the advocates of gun control fail to recognize these results. Instances of youth brutality utilizing weapons were pointedly expanding. This exploration presumed that between 1985-1998 instances of youth brutality expanded by 154%. Weapon control by age is very important since people in this age tend to be very violent and aggressive. This is attributed to early onset of forceful youth practices and poor child rearing as a percentage of the explanations behind expanded youth wrongdoings. Specifically, the events of the Aurora, Colorado Theater shooting alongside the Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre have galvanized public opinion on both sides of the issue (Agresti and Reid, n.p). The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution sought to convey individual gun rights to the citizen. Although the law has long been interpreted to mean just this, the fact of the matter is that when one reads the Second Amendment from a literalist perspective. It is quite clear that the Second Amendment is speaking to the needs of the states and individual regions of the newly formed United States to form a militia as a means of protecting the Republic. In such a way, the Second Amendment can and should be interpreted as little more than admission from the Federal government that it promises not to infringe upon the rights of the militias (National Guard and Army Reserves) to maintain a stock of weaponry for the purpose of defense and securing the borders of the new nation. This particular argument hinges upon interpretation of

Leadership in Julius Caesar Essay Example for Free

Leadership in Julius Caesar Essay In Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, Cassius is shown as the leader of the conspirators. Brutus, as chose by Cassius, becomes a secondary leader in the plan to eliminate Caesar. Cassius and Brutus portray specific leadership qualities in very different ways. Brutus shows he is a more sufficient leader by his bravery, integrity and selflessness. Cassius’ lack of bravery is matched up to that of Brutus at the time of their deaths during the Battle of Philippi in the fifth act. Just before Cassius’ death, he says to Pindarus, â€Å"O, coward that I am, to live so long, / To see my best friend ta’en before my face!† â€Å"Stand not to answer: Here, take though the hilts; / And, when my face is cover’d, as ‘tis now, / Guide thou the sword.† (V.III.2536-2537, 2546-2548) Cassius believes Brutus to be dead and assumes this means the end of the battle; the outcome not in his favor. Cassius has his servant, Pindarus, kill him rather than having the courage to kill himself. On the other hand, Brutus, hearing that Cassius has died, admits that they, the conspirators, have been defeated. Brutus bravely kills himself by his own doing rather than to someone else do it for him. â€Å"Hold then my sword, and turn away thy face, / While I do run upon it. Wilt thou, Strato?† (V.IV.2728-2729) Brutus had shown more bravery than Cassius by having his own death carried out by himself. Brutus also has a greater integrity than Cassius, shown by Brutus’ intentions for the conspirators. Brutus tells Cassius, â€Å"We all stand up against the spirit of Caesar, / And in the spirit of men there is no blood.† (II.I.787-788) Brutus is explaining to Cassius that the point should not to be to kill Caesar, as Cassius wants, but to kill what Caesar stands for. Brutus says, â€Å"Let us be sacrificers, not butchers.†(II.I.786) It can be assumed that Brutus wants to kill Caesar with honor; that he wants to be seen as someone fighting for a cause, not j ust a murderer. Brutus shows higher respect toward Caesar as a person, which displays a greater integrity. Brutus is a more selfless person than Cassius and has a greater passion for Rome plus its people. At Caesars funeral, Brutus tells the plebeians, â€Å"If then that friend demands / Why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: / Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved / Rome more. Had you rather Caesar were living and / Die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live / All free men?† (III.II.1552-1558) Brutus’ intentions were really to help the people of  Rome, rather than Cassius who secretly wanted the crown for himself. The people of Rome did not want a dictator so Brutus’ plan was to create a republic. Cassius, though, did not actually care for helping the people of Rome, he was only after the power that Caesar had. He says. â€Å"That part of Tyranny that I do bear / I can shake off at pleasure.† (I.III.525-526) Here, Cassius is saying he can’t bear the fact of someone having more power than him. Cassius implies he’d rather kill himself than be beneath Caesar. Cassius would have been miserable if Caesar became king and became a tyrant. Brutus proved himself as a more selfless person by the way he cared for the people. Cassius was set at such a high place of being a leader, but Brutus proved he was better fit for the title. Brutus displayed leadership qualities such as bravery, integrity and selflessness that Cassius lacked. Brutus had the ability to become a leader of Rome, where he could do what was right for the people rather than gain more power for himself.

A Whale of a Passion for Psychology :: Graduate Admissions Essays

A Whale of a Passion for Psychology    A beluga whale helped me first realize my true academic passion. I spent my high school summers and weekends volunteering at the New York Aquarium, first in the education department, and later in the training department. It was there, through casual and research-oriented observations of cetaceans, that I began to wonder about animal and human minds. I later had the opportunity to participate in an observational research project, helping to record data on the behaviors of new whale calves and mothers. My informal and formal observations fed my interest in the phylogenetic and ontogenetic bases of cognition and language. As a psychology student at [my school], I had numerous opportunities to research and observe human psychology, both in and out of the classroom. As a sophomore, along with a professor and fellow students in a seminar class, I helped design and run a study on categorization and user's intentions. Later that year we presented our findings at the annual American Psycholog ical Society meeting. In that same year I also assisted a professor in conducting a study on the effects of familiar and unfamiliar music on reading comprehension. I spent the summer following my sophomore year (1997) as a research assistant in the [my school] Psychology Department, funded by a grant from the Howard Hughes Foundation. I collaborated with a professor, a fellow undergraduate student, and a visiting high school student to research, design, and run a study on attitudes towards germs and illness. This included conducting an extensive literature review, specifying research questions, and designing questionnaires that would help us effectively answer our research questions. In addition to strengthening my research abilities, this experience gave me the invaluable opportunity to interact with fellow researchers as a student, a peer, and a mentor. My extracurricular research experience during my sophomore and junior years of college gave me the tools to independently develop and carry out research projects. During my senior year at [my school], I completed a long term library-based research project on the evolution of the human linguistic ability. As a person who tends to look at the big picture when conducting research, this project was the perfect opportunity for me to integrate research from numerous fields and subfields in order to answer a psychologically based question.       Through the study of anthropology, paleoneurology, neuropsychology, linguistics, and psycholinguistics, I explored theories debating the neurological and behavioral bases for language evolution. A Whale of a Passion for Psychology :: Graduate Admissions Essays A Whale of a Passion for Psychology    A beluga whale helped me first realize my true academic passion. I spent my high school summers and weekends volunteering at the New York Aquarium, first in the education department, and later in the training department. It was there, through casual and research-oriented observations of cetaceans, that I began to wonder about animal and human minds. I later had the opportunity to participate in an observational research project, helping to record data on the behaviors of new whale calves and mothers. My informal and formal observations fed my interest in the phylogenetic and ontogenetic bases of cognition and language. As a psychology student at [my school], I had numerous opportunities to research and observe human psychology, both in and out of the classroom. As a sophomore, along with a professor and fellow students in a seminar class, I helped design and run a study on categorization and user's intentions. Later that year we presented our findings at the annual American Psycholog ical Society meeting. In that same year I also assisted a professor in conducting a study on the effects of familiar and unfamiliar music on reading comprehension. I spent the summer following my sophomore year (1997) as a research assistant in the [my school] Psychology Department, funded by a grant from the Howard Hughes Foundation. I collaborated with a professor, a fellow undergraduate student, and a visiting high school student to research, design, and run a study on attitudes towards germs and illness. This included conducting an extensive literature review, specifying research questions, and designing questionnaires that would help us effectively answer our research questions. In addition to strengthening my research abilities, this experience gave me the invaluable opportunity to interact with fellow researchers as a student, a peer, and a mentor. My extracurricular research experience during my sophomore and junior years of college gave me the tools to independently develop and carry out research projects. During my senior year at [my school], I completed a long term library-based research project on the evolution of the human linguistic ability. As a person who tends to look at the big picture when conducting research, this project was the perfect opportunity for me to integrate research from numerous fields and subfields in order to answer a psychologically based question.       Through the study of anthropology, paleoneurology, neuropsychology, linguistics, and psycholinguistics, I explored theories debating the neurological and behavioral bases for language evolution.

Correctional Facility

Andrea J. Paige January 30th, 2013 1. What is the biggest problem facing correctional facility today? The biggest problem that correctional facilities are facing is prison overcrowding. This is because most court officials have the thought that locking people up and throwing the key away is the best solutions to the problem of crime, when in fact it’s really not better for society because crime still rises in fact it is better for political court officials. They know this is not helping but if it gets them voted for because society thinks it’s safer then lock them up and throw the key way.What should the primary goal of corrections be? The primary goal of corrections should be to rehabilitate the offender. If rehabilitation is successfully done it would help the offender to become a productive member of society after they are released from prison. These things would have to take place from the moment they arrive at the prison like drug treatment, vocational training, an d therapeutic counseling to try and find the source of the offenders’ issues. 2. Describe restorative justice and its pros and cons.Restorative justice is justice that tends to the needs of the victim as well as the offender and also the community that is involved instead of punishing the offending party. The victim takes part in this process to encourage the offender to take responsibility of their actions by attempting to repair the damage that has been done. The pros to restorative justice is that it is considered fair and also the offender may experience how the victim felt at the time of the incident. The cons are how you measure the crime or the needed punishment and how does one judge what the appropriate punishment is. . 3. What is the most effective management style for a prison? Fully explain and give examples. The autocratic management style shows to be the best for the prison system because why does the inmate need to be able to help set rules inside of the prison nor do the employees. There needs to be set rules for everyone to follow inside of the prison because with too many people controlling the rules at some point some things will be out of order. 4. How has the changing legal context influenced the growing problems of mentally disordered offenders in corrections?There have been some recent changes in the way the law is carried out that makes it more difficult to send mentally ill offenders to non-correctional programs. A lot of patients who were housed in hospital are now doing time in prisons because of an increase of these types of offenders being caught with drugs so the mentally ill drug user are experiencing harsher sentences. 5. In planning and designing reentry programs what steps are to be taken? Fully explain The target for each of the reentry facilities will be different according to the needs of the local community.Inmates will be moderate to a high risk to recidivate. The incentive to participating in the reentry program w ill be only with the possibility of gaining employment prior to release, participating in the various treatment programs, family reunification and working with a caseworker and also some of these services will also be needed: Reentry Planning Teams, Urban Location for SCRF, Availability of Wrap-A-Around Services, Availability of Employment, County’s Mental Health, Public Health and Social Services Departments

Everlost by Neal Shusterman Essay

Allie and Nick both die in a car crash. They’re supposed to go towards that light at the end of the tunnel, but they bump into each other and get knocked into a mysterious world between life and death called Everlost. The world is filled with terror, and unexpected twists for the souls that reside there. Both Nick and Allie want their lives back, so they start exploring this new world, hoping to find a way back to their normal lives. There is a catch, however: If they stand still in the living world for too long, they will sink into Earth. The longer they stay in Everlost, the more they forget about themselves in the real world. In the beginning of the book, they are saved by a boy named Lief, who tells them that they are called â€Å"Afterlights†, who cannot walk where the living walk. They are somewhat like ghosts. He warns them of a dreaded and evil monster, McGill, before they make their way to New York City. There, they meet a Mary Hightower, the â€Å"mother† of Afterlights who keeps many Afterlights safe, and author of hundreds of books on living in Everlost. She lives with the children under her care in the destroyed World Trade Center. This is because things that are much beloved in the world can cross into Everlost if they are destroyed. They settle down, but Allie is not content with the way things are, so she sets out to see if she has special powers. Allie notices other Afterlights at the Twin Towers keep repeating and doing the same exact thing everyday. Lief gets stuck playing the Pac-Man arcade game non-stop and she has to pry him from the game to drag him along with her. They meet The Haunter in a factory that crossed over to Everlost. Allie gets Lief and Nick captured by The Haunter and it is shown that Allie can pick up living things and also possess or ‘skinjack’ as it is called in the book. In her adventures, she learns how to use her own powers. These adventures tell Nick his purpose while revealing the secret plan of Mary Hightower and the real identity of the McGill, Mikey McGill, Mary(really Megan) Hightower’s younger brother. Mary, also known by others as the Sky Witch, has been lying to the children, stealing the coins they invariably have in their possession, which will allow them to leave Everlost, a metaphor for the coins given to pay Charon. Nick has also received the nickname â€Å"Chocolate Ogre† because of how he has a chocolate stain on his face, and Mary spreads rumors about how he sends Afterlights away by luring them in with the smell of chocolate. Allie outsmarts the McGill, who is unmasked by his sister. Allie, traveling home, is later saved by Mikey, who takes her the rest of the way home. Setting: The stories in the Skinjacker trilogy takes place in the Everlost. Everlost is the place between life and death that all lost children end up after getting lost in their journey to the afterlife. These lost children, or Afterlights as they are called, are unseen by the real â€Å"living† world. The afterlights cannot interact with the real world (except those with the ability to possess or â€Å"skinjack† the living and will sink to the Earth’s core if they stay still. An exception, is when somebody has died in that spot. They can interact with certain objects that are loved so much by their owners that when the object breaks, it crosses over to Everlost, unbroken, and is given a place there for eternity. The same is for certain places that were destroyed (the twin towers are used as an example) that were love d and cherished by many people and will never be forgotten. There are no adults in Everlost presumably because they know where they are going Character: Alexandra â€Å"Allie† the Outcast: Allie is a 14-year-old girl who ends up in Everlost after the car she is riding in, crashes head on on a highway with the packed black Mercedes that Nick was in. Allie is brave and â€Å"goal† orientated though not a planner. She was reborn nine months later in â€Å"Everlost† as an Afterlight. Allie discovers that she has the gifted ability to â€Å"possess† (or â€Å"skinjack† as it is called in the book) people. She tries to return home to meet her parents in order to put her troubled mind at ease. However, on the way, she and Nick encounters many adventures.[3] Nick: He is 14 years old. A half-Japanese boy who is more of a follower, not a leader. He was riding in a packed black Mercedes on the way to a wedding when he died with chocolate on his face; now he is stuck in formal clothes and a chocolate covered mouth for eternity. .[3] Megan â€Å"Mary Hightower† McGill: The self-proclaimed expert on Everlost, she has written many books on living in the world between life and death. She also thinks of herself as the mother of the many children stuck in this world, being one of the oldest inhabitants at fifteen. She will do anything to keep the â€Å"lost† Afterlights in Everlost.[3][4] Michael Edward McGill, â€Å"The McGill† or â€Å"Mikey†: The brother of Megan McGill. After escaping the by [[Inner core|earth’s core] by becoming a monster ], he encounters a ghost ship where he spends nearly 20 years looting and â€Å"kidnapping† Afterlights after believing a fortune in a chinese fortune cookie that in exchange for 1000 souls, he can return to the land of the living.[3] Travis, alias â€Å"Lief†: An 11-year-old boy Allie and Nick had found in the crossed-over forest. He follows them throughout the novel, until he reaches a state of peace and leaves Everlost through a coin. Before he leaves it is discovered that his real name was Travis. This is how Nick realizes the coins have the power to help the Afterlights â€Å"ge t where they’re going†.

Basic Tips to Ace Your Biology Class

Basic Tips to Ace Your Biology Class Taking a biology class doesnt have to be overwhelming. If you follow a few simple steps, studying will be less stressful, more productive, and result in better grades. Always read the lecture material before class. This simple step will pay big dividends.Always sit in the front of the class. It minimizes distractions and gives you an opportunity for your professor to know who you are.Use effective study techniques like comparing notes with a friend, not cramming, and making sure to start studying well before exams. Biology Study Tips Always read the lecture material before the classroom lecture. This simple step is surprisingly powerful and effective. By preparing beforehand, your time in the actual lecture will be more productive. The basic material will be fresh in your mind and you will have the opportunity to get any questions answered during the lecture. Biology, like most sciences, is hands-on. Most of us learn best when we are actively participating in a topic. So make sure to pay attention in biology lab sessions and actually perform the experiments. Remember, you wont be graded on your lab partners ability to perform an experiment, but your own.Sit in the front of the class. Simple, yet effective. College students, pay close attention. Youll need recommendations one day, so make sure your professor knows you by name and you arent 1 face in 400.Compare biology notes with a friend. Since much of biology tends to be abstract, have a note buddy. Each day after class compare notes with your buddy and fill in any gaps. Two heads are better than one!Use the lull period between classes to immediately review the biology notes you have just taken.Dont cram! As a rule, you should start studying for biology exams a minimum of two weeks prior to the exam.This tip is very important- stay awake in class. Teachers have observed too many people s noozing (even snoring!) in the middle of class. Osmosis may work for water absorption, but it wont work when it comes time for biology exams. Additional Study Tips Avail yourself of your teachers or professors office hours, review sessions, and similar activities. In these sessions, you are able to get any questions answered directly from the source.Many schools have excellent tutorial programs that are a great resource for getting questions answered. Studying for the AP Bio Exam   Those who wish to gain credit for introductory college level biology courses should consider taking an Advanced Placement Biology course. Students enrolled in the AP Biology course must take the AP Biology exam to gain credit. Most colleges will give credit toward entry level biology courses for students who earn a score of 3 or better on the exam. If taking the AP Biology exam, it is a good idea to use good AP Biology exam prep books and flash cards to be sure that you are prepared to score high on the exam. Key Takeaways Always read the lecture material before class. This simple step will pay big dividends.Always sit in the front of the class. It minimizes distractions and gives you an opportunity for your professor to know who you are.Use effective study techniques like comparing notes with a friend, not cramming, and making sure to start studying well before exams.

Complex Ions and Precipitation Reactions

Complex Ions and Precipitation Reactions Among the most common reactions in the qualitative analysis are those involving the formation or decomposition of complex ions and precipitation reactions. These reactions may be performed directly by adding the appropriate anion, or a reagent such as H2S or NH3 may dissociate in water to furnish the anion. Strong acid may be used to dissolve precipitates containing a basic anion. Ammonia or sodium hydroxide may be used to bring a solid into solution if the cation in the precipitate forms a stable complex with NH3 or OH-. A cation is usually present as a single principal species, which may be a complex ion, free ion, or precipitate. If the reaction goes to completion the principal species is a complex ion. The precipitate is the principal species if most of the precipitate remains undissolved. If a cation forms a stable complex, the addition of a complexing agent at 1 M or greater generally will convert the free ion to complex ion. The dissociation constant Kd can be used to determine the extent to which a cation is converted to a complex ion. The solubility product constant Ksp can be used to determine the fraction of cation remaining in a solution after precipitation. Kd and Ksp are both required to calculate the equilibrium constant for dissolving a precipitate in a complexing agent. Complexes of Cations with NH3 and OH- Cation NH3 Complex OH- Complex Ag+ Ag(NH3)2+ Al3+ Al(OH)4- Cd2+ Cd(NH3)42+ Cu2+ Cu(NH3)42+ (blue) Ni2+ Ni(NH3)62+ (blue) Pb2+ Pb(OH)3- Sb3+ Sb(OH)4- Sn4+ Sn(OH)62- Zn2+ Zn(NH3)42+ Zn(OH)42-

Sports Laws Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sports Laws - Case Study Example The question of whether a club is or is not private is usually left for courts to decide. The courts analyze elements like 'history of club' to check if the club was designed to be selective in membership. Usually the key points that courts take into consideration is 'exclusiveness of club in the selection of new members' and 'the use of club facilities by non members. However, according to a recent report, Golf clubs and other private members' establishments will no longer be able to ban women members from their bars or discriminate in any other way on gender grounds. Equality bill is all set to control golf clubs discrimination which means that private clubs with mixed membership could no more deal with women differently. The change is drafted in a government consultation paper aimed at rationalising the UK's complicated net of discrimination legislation. The paper, the discrimination law review which is being published, is aimed to improve discrimination legislation. Following are some of the past cases of discrimination: Case Study I: A professional female wrestler was refused license by a promotional company on the pretext that licensing with respect to the projected venue was subject to condition that forbade women from participating. She moved to court. Her claim of sexual discrimination was upheld by the industrial court. The licensing authority argued that the whole situation was an exception provided in the sex Discrimination Act 1975 s 51(1) and also that Local Government 1963 Act rendered them with the power to admit terms for granting license as it thought were proper and thus licensing authority's appeal was allowed accordingly. Case Study II: Ms petty practiced as Judo instructor and had British Judo Association's qualification as National Judo referee. In 1977 Ms Petty was stated by BJA that they had a policy which prohibited women from refereeing men at national level. Ms Petty moved to industrial tribunal under S13 of the SDA which banishes discrimination by bodies which alleviates engagement in sports. The industrial tribunal upheld Ms Petty's claims of discrimination. BJA in turn appealed to the EAT. However EAT upheld Industrial tribunal's judgment and found BJA had discriminated against Ms Petty and had acted in disregard of S13. Moving on to sports ethics, competitive environment in sports has led to tremendous performance pressures on athletes. They make use of performance enhancing drugs. Although the use of anabolic steroids enhances athlete's performance, they also pose some serious health risks. The consumption of such drugs is impermissible. Also the drug users create unfair pressure on other competitors. The re- regulation of sport is happening within complex surroundings of European regularity frameworks and international sports federations. The European Model of sport was published in 1998. The European commission maintains that in the future growth and maturation of sport, the special features of European model need to be realized fully. At European level, the European Court of Justice has understandably decreed that sports organizations can no more

Communism in the USSR Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Communism in the USSR - Research Paper Example Communism is a way of a government that is totalitarian in nature, which rulers are dictators and have no respect for their subjects. In the USSR, communism started off in the 19th century due to the harsh conditions of life that were witnessed during that period, which made people agitate for a technique that would restore equality in the society. The concept of communism is founded on the ideology of Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx from their numerous scholarly ideas that were widespread at this time. These ideas were embraced by people in the Soviet Union society in a bid to regain equality in a society that was experiencing numerous hardships present during the tsarist rule. It was believed that communism was the solution to the problems society was experiencing and thus it would create a new society with social and political equality of every individual (Courteous and Kramer, 2004). Communism is centered on the principle that people need one another in order for the society to achieve meaningful progress both socially and economically. The idea is based on the belief that, a society where people work equally, is bound to achieve greater success as opposed to a society where people are grouped according to social classes. However, despite there being equality among people, the social distinction that results from some people having more wealth than others arises because individuals leverage from their talents. In a communist society, the government is not supposed to interfere with the rights of persons and its influence on the general economy of the state should be limited. Moreover, in communism societies, governments collectively own property and no person is supposed to start any enterprise because governments run business monopolies in all sectors of the economy. Therefore, the state provides basic amenities to its people including decent education and heal th care services.

Labour education and extensive employee development Essay

Labour education and extensive employee development - Essay Example Employee learning explains the process of acquiring knowledge through curiosity to learn. It is a mind-set that has anxiety to get information. Employee learning and labor education will definitely increase the abilities and competency of the employee (Dixon, 1999). Employee development and labor education have become the burning questions for today’s human resource management. Increased downsizing brought by organizational change has amplified the needs of employee development because the labor is needed to be more flexible and responsive at all levels. In the recent years, employee development schemes have seen exponential growth because the learning atmosphere in organizations is boosting. Donaldson (1993) asserts that the organizations have realized the importance of workforce and the need for their education and development in work place (as cited in Lee, 2012). Developing employee abilities can make them more adaptable to internal and external working requirements and definitely add to their learning and confidence which bring in higher productivity to the organization. A research by Lound, Rowe and Parson (2001) confirms that EDS (Employee Development Schemes) have been employed at extensive levels both in public and private organizations. These schemes add loyalty, confidence, and commitment which boost learning in the work place. IRS (1993) puts it as: â€Å"Employee development schemes are proving to be one of the successes of human resource management. They can have real business advantages, creating some of the right conditions for organizations to transform themselves into what has been called the ‘learning organization’, but what might as appropriately be termed the ‘continuously changing organization’, given economic imperatives and a positive impact on individuals’ self-esteem and confidence (as cited in Maguire, 1997). Chris Argyris referred to this commitment as a â€Å"psychological contract†

The Role of the Teacher Essay Example for Free

The Role of the Teacher Essay Perhaps the most important factor in the learning environment is the teacher. This is because the most successful and accessible form of input for the learners in the learning environment is introduced by that of the teacher. The reason for this is somewhat obvious as the teacher is the primary focus and authority in the direction of any given topic. After all, they are there to teach. Essentially, when teachers talk in class they provide the learners with opportunities to develop and expand their comprehension in relation to the given subject. That is to say, that the teachers have the knowledge and it is their ultimate role to distribute this knowledge to the learners. However, this also extends to the significance of the zone of proximal development and the role of keeping the class focused. In relation to teaching English, the teacher can optimise this opportunity in choosing the relevant levels of vocabulary, structure, speed of delivery, degree of clarity, and range of register and style required in relation to the given topic. However, as we have concerned ourselves here, the delivery of teaching has come under scrutiny due to the aforementioned criticisms regarding testing in a formalised manner. This is particularly significant when the role of knowledge acquisition and group dynamics mentioned in the last section are taken into account. We will now return to some of the literature, theory and practise associated with the role of the teacher in the learning environment. The teacher is often perceived by children and learners as the leader of the learning environment. Essentially, they are perceived as the role model in relation to the learning process and therefore the group dynamic (Dornyei, 2003). There has been a great deal of research related to the nature of group dynamics in teaching that have indicated that without the understanding and/or application of the group dynamic, the teacher can unintentionally manipulate an environment that is not conducive to development and in many cases destructive with regards to learning outcomes. This is clearly a problem in relation to the criticisms associated with tests in the contemporary domain. The reason for this becomes apparent and can be seen in the theory and research related to group dynamics and the role of the teacher in the learning environment. For example, Hadfield indicates that the perception of the teacher as a leader and/or role model is in some way detached from the learning environment and the group dynamic. Further, to act upon this perception is given as a hugely significant disruptive factor in learning as it compromises the learner’s identity and inclination to disclose information by way of input. This is given by Hadfield explaining that: ‘From the point of view of emotional orientation, many teachers are not unlike the other members in their class groups. Great deals of the psychological processes that underlie group formation apply to teachers as well. For this reason, it may be particularly important for you at this stage to take part in the class room events as ordinary group members by joining as much as is feasible some of the ice breaking activities and, in a reciprocal fashion, sharing some personal information about yourself with the students. ’ (Hadfield, 1992, p. 17) In this key extract, a need for the teacher to acknowledge their position within, rather than above, the group dynamic is clearly outlined. Further, their role in providing group cohesion and productivity from within the group dynamic is given as essential to a cohesive group. From this perspective, we can assume that without knowledge of group dynamics and their own role within the group, the teacher would not realise their significance in the cohesion of the group and the need for extending and coordinating the focus of the class. This clearly has disruptive implications. Essentially, if the teacher were to perceive themselves as a leader and distributor of knowledge they may drag the group along leaving many of the group behind. The contrary positive effects of negating this form of teacher role are given by the findings of Broadfoot, who suggests that: Many pupils have found the opportunity of talking with their teachers on a one-to-one basis about achievements, experiences, needs and appropriate future targets a rewarding and helpful experience that has a positive effect on their motivation (Broadfoot et al, 1988). This shows that the role of teaching is significant in the nature of learning English. It indicates that the teacher is more than a distributor of predefined tests. It shows that although they are the leader of the learning environment, they should be immersed in it and be responsive to the inputs, goals and directions put forward by the children. This means that rather than maintaining a focus on testing the children, they should attempt to derive a focus and aim through following the feedback from the group. This means that continuous re-assessment rather than pre-defined testing is the primary tool to be used by the teacher. However, while we can perhaps reject the notion of a teacher role based upon top down input at this stage, we must still take into account the direction of learning. That is to say, that it would be unwise to allow the children and learners to simply guide the class outright and have the teacher allow the group to govern the class. For example, as well as losing focus and a sense of established knowledge, the children may form their own groups based upon friendships and other bonds that may disrupt the focus of learning and the acquiring new knowledge. We can perhaps view the teacher’s role as one looking to authentically allow for personal expression and social bonding. However, it must also be focused upon the input deriving from the class. If this is not observed then it is the suggestion at this point that it would be highly likely that there would be lower success in terms of acquired knowledge and a disruption to the process of input. It is with that we turn to the alternative forms of leading and assessing the focus of the group in the learning environment.

On the Function and Evolution of Sleep Essay -- Biology Essays Researc

On the Function and Evolution of Sleep If physiologists devoted the most research time to behaviors humans engaged in the most, we would probably have a full understanding of the biological purpose of sleep. After all, humans, with the exception of most college students, spend one third of their lives in a somnolent state. Despite its fundamental role in human and animal life, sleep is, even in an age when neuroscience has reduced many behaviors to neurological mechanisms, still quite mysterious. What processes are taking place during sleep that benefit the organism? Why spend so much time in an unresponsive and vulnerable state? That these questions haven't been definitively answered is really not a function of a lack of effort on the part of scientists, but rather of the difficulties inherent in studying sleep. It is easy to observe the harm that is done to a human or animal deprived of sleep. A rat prevented from sleeping will lose the ability to maintain body temperature and die in about three weeks, showing no eviden ce of physiological damage (1). In humans, sleep deprivation impairs thinking and suppresses the immune system. But why this deterioration take place is less clear, and the object of disagreeing theories. This essay will try to explain the function of sleep based on what is now known, and attempt to shed light on the reasons and mechanisms for its evolution. An investigation of the control, and perhaps the origin, of sleep might best begin with the hypothalamus, a flat, horizontal structure in the brain that is known to play an important role. Damage to the back portion of the hypothalamus causes somnolence, indicating that when intact, it sustains alertness (1). In contrast, damage to the front part indu... ...t suggests that some of the circuits employed in sensory reception and processing also function to establish and maintain memory, and that both functions cannot be achieved simultaneously. Sleep circumvents this limitation, and is thus a well adapted behavior. WWW Sources 1)Scientific American "In Focus" http://www.sciam.com/missing.cfm 2)Sleep and Memory: Evolutionary Perspectives http://bisleep.medsch.ucla.edu/SRS/publications.htm 3)REM Sleep = Dreaming: Only a Dream http://bisleep.medsch.ucla.edu/SRS/rosenlicht-feinberg.htm 4)Birds May Refine Their Songs While Sleeping" ,Science Magazine article http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/282/5397/2163 Additional Resources Discussion on Sleep Evolution ,Scientific American article http://www.sciam.com/missing.cfm The Journal "Sleep" http://www.stanford.edu/dept/sleep/journal/

B&Q Case Study

Contents Executive Summary3 1. TASK ONE4 1. 1 Introduction4 1. 2 Possession and practice4 3. 3 B&Q case5 3. TASK TWO8 3. 1 Introduction8 3. 2 Time distance9 3. 3 Technological distance10 3. 4 Social distance10 3. 5 Cultural distance11 4. Bibliography13 Executive Summary In a modernized and globalized world, knowledge creation and synergization of knowledge in an organization is truly crucial.As data and information are readily available, and information communication technology (ICT) has highly advanced, organizations such as B&Q need to understand how knowledge creation can assist to improve internal and external processes and also encourage innovation. In task one, the aim is to differentiate between possession of knowledge and practice of knowledge and examine which epistemology B&Q uses throughout their supply chain. B&Q uses possession knowledge whereby it provides all their vendors with a code of conduct guidelines which they need to follow through.However, in the face of risk and uncertainty in an economic crisis, B&Q should adopt practice of knowledge and enabling people to do differently and better. In task two, the statement by Stoneman (2010) means that trust and power are the main factors that drive product, process and organizational innovation. For B&Q, due to their power as the distributor, they are able to develop and lay down the process and procedures that all their vendors need to adhere to. However, in an economic crisis, its regimental practice may ot work as uncertainty disrupts the flow of the procedures. 1. TASK ONE 1. 1 Introduction The studies on knowledge and its characteristics have long been explored and discussed in the business and supply chain world. With the emergent of technology and innovation, the possession and practice of knowledge has become more essential in this â€Å"knowledge society† (Nonaka, 1994; Bell, 1973; Drucker, 1968; Toffler, 1990). But what is knowledge and how does an organization activate and generat e knowledge?Knowledge is defined as â€Å"awareness, consciousness, or familiarity gained by experience or learning† (knowledge, n. d) which are the ways people in a social situations would understand and make sense of where they are and what they are doing. When knowledge is conducted and embraced in an organization, it will result to a group of people who develop shared beliefs, behaviours and routines that shape organization capabilities. Experts such as Polanyi (1966), Nonaka (1994) and Cook and Brown (1999) divide knowledge into two categories called tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge.Tacit knowledge is associated with the skills or know-how that people developed through their own experience in specific contexts. Whereas explicit knowledge is something that has been codified, written down or spelled out and is communicable across context. 1. 2 Possession and practice From the word possession itself, one can understand that it is about the knowledge that people have i n their mind (Cook and Brown, 1999). Blackler (1995), and Cook and Brown (1999) refer possesion of knowledge as â€Å"knowledge† and practice of knowledge as â€Å"knowing†.Knowledge is a mental or cognitive capacity which is hierarchical in nature and comprises of data, information etc. moreover, possession of knowledge is a personal property where people render meaning from subjective experiences, perceptions and previous understanding. As human minds are individually unique, hence different people may perceive and intepret the same information or data differently. Meanwhile, practice of knowledge sees knowledge as something that it developed through social interaction such as project work, group assignment or group discussion.When people practice knowledge, they convert tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge, thus transferring knowledge from one person to another. This is done through sharing stories, experiences or creating norms to a group of people hence enablin g the experience of an individual to be related to a wider community. 3. 3 B&Q case B&Q plc works with many vendors such as Kingfisher Asia (KAL) who supply products to B&Q. Hence to manage their vendors and ensure processes and procedures are followed, B&Q come up with code of conduct (B&Q Operational Standards for Supply Chains) for all their vendors.The code of conduct is based on the international labour and envirnmental standards set by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Conventions which factories and worksites of all vendors throughout the world need to comply to. In summary, vendors need to let B&Q have full visibility of the enitre supply chain and fulfill and obey the code of conduct criteria at all facilities. Any failure to meet the nine Critical Failure Points (CFPs) will result in B&Q not buying or purchasing their products.Through this code of conduct, we can deduce that B&Q adopts a possession of knowledge rather than practice of knowledge. B&Q receives know ledge about labour and environmental guidelines from ILO conventions and uses the basic context to write down or capture in an information technology (IT) system which is then made available as an organizational resource – B&Q Operational Standards for Supply Chains. This is in contrast of having a group discussion with the vendors and seeking their opinions and views on how to create a better working environment for the workers (practice of knowledge).For example, Baer (1987) and Abbott (1988) explained that in order to defend their position, occupational groups such as doctors would write down or ‘black box’ their skills and knowledge which is then used by others as guidelines or instructions to follow. B&Q is following the same concept as they wish to guard their position as a responsible organization or employer where the rights of all workers throughout the world are respected and protected. Thus, this results to an encoded knowledge (Blackler, 1995) for the vendors as information is transmited through the code of conduct.Unlike an individual or specialist ‘black box’, the construction of the code of conduct requires the involvement of a group of people. This method of knowledge creation follows Nonaka’s SECI framework where it is a spiralling process of interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge (Nonaka,1994; Nonaka & Toyama, 2003). The SECI framework consists of four knowledge conversion processes; Socialization, Externalization, Combination and Internalization; which can be seen in Figure 1. The breakdown for B&Q case is as follow: 1.Socialization – The ILO standards which was made known to the B&Q management assist them to create their own knowledge or set of standards which vendors are to adhere. 2. Externalization – B&Q management then decides to have their on set of guidelines in accordance to ILO standards and form a group to write down the code of conduct. 3. Combination – We beli eved that during the process of writing down the code of conduct, B&Q managerial level will each provide inputs and opinions based on the organization’s mission and values on what and how to write down.Once drafted, the Head of Human Resource Department will read it through and request for any necessary adjustments. Once finalized, the Chairman or Head of B&Q will give the approval to codified and disseminate the code of conduct to all the vendors. 4. Internalization – Vendors will then read the instructions and ensure all CFPs are met. For any areas which fail to comply, site management of the vendors will then follow the guidelines to make changes and improvements. Figure 1: SECI model of knowledge creation Source: Nonaka & Toyama (2003)However, Nonaka SECI framework downplays the difference of interest, power and political dynamics which people and organizations face everyday. Thus, during an economic crisis, B&Q may approach innovation differently due to the uncert ainty and adversity faced in a crisis. According to Tsoukas (1996) and Schauer (1991), even though organizations can make assumptions and obtain knowledge from previous economic crisis where similar conditions are seen, the formulate strategy may not work perfectly according to what the organizations believed as there are still uncertainty.Meaning to say, a strategy used in a crisis five years ago may not generate the same result due to the difference in technology, people’s mindset and other relating conditions. B&Q need to adopt practice of knowledge during a crisis as information may not be readily available since people and other organizations are wary and may not disclose essential information in order to survive the crisis. With competition between rival organizations getting tougher, B&Q needs to learn, practice and embodied skills and knowledge which increases their chance of survival (Barnett & Burgelman, 1996).As mentioned by Hitt et al (2007), a multilevel research approach to encourage employees to have better understanding of the strategy implemented by B&Q management. Hence, B&Q through providing an enabling context, B&Q allow its employees to do things differently and better. For example, when selecting their vendors, B&Q can not just rely on which vendor is able to adhere to its code of conduct. B&Q also need to look into the pricing, capability and other characteristic of the particular vendor.B&Q vendor management team need to have further dicussion with sales, procurement and operations team to gain their opinions and views on which vendors to select. With the current vendors, B&Q need to adopt open communication and discuss with them on how the crisis is affecting their perfomance and compliance towards the code of conduct. Another example is due to the crisis, a vendor had to lay off several staff and workers due reducing their headcount. Hence in order to meet B&Q rders, the vendor’s workers may need to work extra hours whic h is over the local law. Through discussion, B&Q may allow the vendor to carry out the new process until the economy stablize and the vendor is able to employ more workers. 3. TASK TWO 3. 1 Introduction Stoneman (2010) mentioned that â€Å"product, process and organizational innovation are socially and politically mediated processes†. This means that through social relationship and even political standing in an organization; product, process and organizational innovation are being conceptualized.Jackson (2001) noted that the real-world issues and situations do not match up to traditional disciplinary boundaries due to the inequality in the capitalist world. Therefore, trust and power play an essential role in the development of knowledge and innovation. Internally at B&Q, their managers may see themselves as the authority towards process and organizational innovation. For example, a manager has the power to decide on how his department should be run in order to meet the depar tment and organization goals.And through his relationship and interaction with the staffs, he may perceive a staff as capable if able to follow the process and excel in it. Hence, to gain trust and acknowledgement, employees compete and motivate each other to do better at what they do and also provide suggestions to the manager on improving certain situations or issues. As highlighted by Hardy and Dougherty (1997), depending on the organization’s culture and its board of management, resource power and process power can either work against or aligned with innovation.However, without meaning and a direction to support the need for innovation, people will notbe motivated to innovate. For example, the warehousing staffs at B&Q may face difficulties in picking the correct product. Thus, with its power, the warehouse manager can arrange a group discussion with the warehousing team leaders and their IT department to create a new process whereby the product are bar-coded and connecte d to a system which will provide the product information when it is scanned.Externally, when working with their supply chain members such as customers and suppliers, B&Q managers can use either its power or trust to ensure compliance are met by the suppliers and customers continue to purchase from B&Q. For example, the board of management has the authority to continue or discontinue the services of a vendor depending on its compliance and performance. However, during an economic crisis where risk and uncertainty are faced, B&Q managers may react to similar situation or innovation differently.B&Q decisions on innovation, processes and products are affected by four types of distance – time, technological, social and cultural. 3. 2 Time distance Due to the changes in time, environment and conditions, certain processes or procedures that B&Q managers created may not be applicable in an economic crisis. Moreover, the decisions B&Q managers made in a previous crisis are also not ap plicable even though the conditions are similar because there is still uncertainty whether the outcome would be the same.The finance department will be more guarded on the expenses and budget thus setting a more thorough process of other departments to ensure waste are minimized and costs are low. In a study done by Hardy and Dougherty (1997), innovators or managers in an anti-innovation environment would solve their problems through methods and ways which hamper innovation whereas in a pro-innovation environment, innovators are able to incorporate the organization’s resources, processes and meaning to develop an more suitable and effective product.Thus, in relation to the crisis, B&Q managers may tackle a deparment issue by pushing away the problematic function and work its way around it. 3. 3 Technological distance As ICT becomes highly advanced, B&Q need to be selective of the information and tacit knowledge that is available widely. This is because not all tacit knowledge is applicable to B&Q’s strategy and that an overflow of information will result to overloading and poor decision making. Through market and technology knowledge, innovators are able to examine problems, communicate and collaboratively develop new products for the organization (Dougherty et al, 2000).However, in an economic crisis, technology knowledge that is necessary for innovation may not be readily available or cost effective to the organization. Faced with uncertainty, B&Q board of management may decide to take on a survival mode concept and develop process such as budget control to restrict unnecessary cost and waste. Thus, if an innovator in B&Q requires a certain technology to assist in its development of new product, he need to go through many levels of strict procedures in order to attain approval. 3. 4 Social distanceDuring an economic crisis, organizations face many problems and situations as they try their hardest to survive and go through the crisis without a m ajor disruption or impact. Due to the uncertainty and risk, managers need to respond quickly and effectively. Even in a crisis, Jackson (2006) noted that managers need to ensure their processes are efficient and effective, staffs are motivated and knowledge is created and enhanced. This is to ensure that the organization is constantly better than their rivals thus surviving the crisis.While ICT and innovation should still move on in a crisis; being a regimental organization; B&Q managers follow routine and have the power to make innovation unlawful through rewarding short-term results, punishing mistakes and even not rendering the support needed for innovation (Hardy & Dougherty, 1997). Not only does this kills innovation in B&Q, the staff would also be less motivate to innovate as they unable to relate a specific project with B&Q’s strategy (Van de Ven and Polley, 1992; Hardy and Dougherty, 1997; Dougherty & Heller, 1994).Hence, B&Q board of management need to re-evaluate it s organization strategy and procedures if it wishes to maintain in the industry. Jackson (2006) suggest organizations to adopt creative holism which is a set of guidelines that are multi-paradigm, multi-methodology and multi-method in nature. Through holism, organizatons look at the situation at a macro and organizational level, thus assuring that the departments are connected and performing together as a whole.Dougherty et al (2000) explained that since organizational knowledge and learning involves many different processes, a focal point or objevtive is essential to ensure one is taking the right path. Pelz and Andrews (1966) recognized that the efforts to combine and link market and technology knowledge across and throughout the organization is often met and filled with tensions. Thus, B&Q need to incorporate these two factor and be less rigid if it wishes to produce and gain new ideas, products and processes (Weick and Westley, 1996). 3. 5 Cultural distanceKingfisher plc, the pa rent company of B&Q, is a United Kingdom (UK) based retailer that offers do-it-yourself (DIY), home decorations and home improvement products to their 6 million customers (Kingfisher, 2012). To meet their international market and demand, Kingfisher plc has overseas sourcing offices in India and Poland that act as a supplier to B&Q. To ensure these strategies and structure is maintain in other country, Kingfisher plc has to train its overseas employees, make them understand and cultivate the Kingfisher plc working culture.However, this will be a tough challenge for example, in India due to the poor education and different socio-culture. Thus, Kingfisher plc needs to accommodate its Western working culture with India working culture, but without losing its main mission and strategy. To ensure this is executed properly, Kingfisher plc needs to obtain a specialist in the Indian market and culture. An economic crisis affects countries differently, depending on where the crisis originates .However, due to globalization, a crisis in the European Union (EU) nations will have a ripple effect, thus affecting neighbouring countries and countries that depend on the EU economy and market. Likewise, if an economic crisis hits India where one of B&Q suppliers is located at, B&Q need to gather information and data from news reports and the India supplier’s representative, and analyse the data before making a decision on how to overcome the crisis and what B&Q should do to ensure that the crisis in India do not disrupt the entire supply chain.To ensure accurate and timely information and knowledge is recevied, Swan and Scarbrough (2005) suggest organizations to adopt a networked innovation process where the innovation procedures is collaborated in the network arrangements within and between organizations (Alter & Hage, 1993; Owen-Smith & Powell, 2004; Powell et al, 1996). B&Q needs to view networks as a means of communication where knowledge and information are dissemina ted (Swan & Scarbrough, 2005) and thus, adopting a open sharing concept where individuals and groups are allow to interact and exchange knowledge and information. 4. Bibliography Abbott, A. 1988). 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The Tacit Dimension. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Powell, W. , Koput, K. , & Smith-Doerr, L. (1996). Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation: Networks of learning in biotechnology.Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 116-145. Schauer, F. (1991). Playing by the rules. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Swan, J. , & Scarbrough, H. (2005). The politics of networked innovation. Human Relations, 58(7), 913–943. Toffler, A. (1990). Powershift: Knowledge, Wealth and Violence at the Edge of 2lst Century. New York: Bantam Books. Tsoukas, H. (1996). The firm as a distributed knowledge system: A constructionist approach. Strategic management journal, 17, 11-25. Van de Ven, A. , & Polley, D. (1992). Learning while innovating. Organization Science, 3, 92-116. Weick, K. ,